Educational Articles

Delineating cell lineage in the collecting duct of mouse kidney

Differentiating principal cell from intercalated cell Expand The collecting duct in the kidney consists in three types of cells, principal cells, alpha-intercalated cells and beta-intercalated cells. The principal cells are primarily responsible for salt and water transport while alpha- and beta-intercalated cells are responsible for acid-base transport. Figure legend Anti-Aqp2 antibody labels the luminal membrane […]

Fluorescent FFPE of mouse embryo section

Protein Atlas During Development

The skin Expand The skin, or integument, consists of two major layers: the epidermis, composed of stratified squamous epithelium that is keratinized, and the dermis, composed of connective tissue. Figure legend E-cadherin proteins label the epithelial cell junctions in the epidermis of the skin from a mouse embryo at E12.5 on FFPE section. The kidney […]

Comparison of antigen retrieval protocol of IHC on FFPE section

Fixation Techniques and Artifacts

Citrate buffer at pH 6.0 Expand FFPE sections were obtained from formalin (10% neutral formaldehyde) fixed mouse kidney tissues. Antigens on FFPE sections were retrieved by citrate solution at pH 6.0. Two BiCell Scientific antibodies, raised in rat and rabbit respectively, were incubated with FFPE sections to detect two independent antigen proteins. Figure legend Fluorescent […]

Dual-color fluorescent IHC on FFPE section

Fixation Techniques and Artifacts

Low-magnification fluorescent imaging Expand FFPE sections were obtained from formalin (10% neutral formaldehyde) fixed mouse kidney tissues. Antigens on FFPE sections were retrieved by citrate solution at pH 6.0. Two BiCell Scientific antibodies, raised in rat and rabbit respectively, were incubated with FFPE sections to detect two independent antigen proteins. Figure legend Fluorescent IHC on […]

Technical comparison of IHC on cryosection and FFPE section

Fixation Techniques and Artifacts

IHC on cryosection Expand Cryosections are obtained from lightly fixed (<4% PFA), and rapidly frozen tissues, which offers a key advantage of antigen preservation in situ in tissue sections. Tissue morphology is not as well preserved as FFPE sections. Figure legend Cryosection imaging shows the Mucin-1 proteins in the luminal membrane of the epithelium lining […]

Protocol for Staining Na-Pi Cotransporter

General and Specific Protocols

Materials and Reagents Expand Equipment Leica CM1950 automatic sectioning cryostat. Thermo Fisher Scientific round (12 mm diameter) cover glass (thickness No 1.5). Thermo Fisher Scientific ColorFrostTM Plus slides made of positively charge uncoated glass. Tissue-tek Expand Tissue-tek OCT 4583 compound from VWR. Tissue-tek cryomolds from VWR. Fixation Buffers Expand 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS NaCl […]

Annotation of the mitochondrion in mouse brain

Protein Atlas in Cell and Tissue

The cerebral cortex Expand The mitochondrion shows a pattern of punctate appearance in the cytoplasm of the cell body in the neurons of the cerebral cortex. Figure legend TOMM20 antibody labels the mitochondria in the pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex in the mouse brain. The hippocampus Expand The mitochondrion shows a pattern of punctate […]

Protocol for Making Monoclonal Antibody

General and Specific Protocols

Preparation of Myeloma Cells Expand Prewarm all culture media to 37oC. Thaw the parental myeloma cells (Sp2/0-Ag14 or X63-Ag8.653) from liquid nitrogen and culture in BiCell-mAb Medium MY for 3-5 days to fully recover cell growth to reach 1 x 106/ml cell density. Split cells at 1:5 into fresh BiCell-mAb Medium MY and let grow […]

Annotation of endoplasmic reticulum in mouse tissues

Protein Atlas in Cell and Tissue

The skin Expand The ER in the epidermal cells shows a pattern of perinuclear network that is continuous with the nuclear membrane. Figure legend Calreticulin antibody labels the ER in the epithelium of the skin from a mouse embryo at E12.5. The liver Expand The ER in the hepatocytes shows a pattern of perinuclear network […]

Annotation of mouse peripheral nervous system

Protein Atlas During Development

The eye Expand The eye is a complex sensory organ. The wall of the eye consists of three concentric layers: the retina, the inner neural layer; the uvea, the middle vascular layer; and the corneosclera, the outer epithelial layer. Figure legend N-cadherin proteins label the cell junctions of the primordial neural cells in the retina […]